Developing Mobile Learning Model at Tehran University with a Qualitative Approach

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Department of Higher Education Administration, Sciences and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Background and Objective: The present research was done with the aim to develope mobile learning model at Tehran University with a qualitative approach.
Research methodology: The method of present study was conventional content analysis and the statistical population consisted of all proficient of the country universities in the domain of higher and mobile learning during 2022-2023; among them 11 people were chosen through semi-structural interviews. The validity of interviews was inner validity and in order to estimate the reliability, the interviews were approved through re-test reliability test.
Findings: According to the obtained results of ‘Content Analysis’, through 260 initial codes, 152 categorized codes, 23 sub-categoris and 4 main categorization were identified and analyzed for the development of mobile learning in Tehran University; which was consisted of 1. Structural dimension(Technology, Cultural- Social, efficiency and Effectiveness, Leadership and Management, Security and data storage, Support, Planning in massive level), 2. Educational Dimension (Needs assessment, Determining the goals, Planning in a small level, Content, Performance, Evaluation, Teaching, Learning) 3. Interactional Dimension (Networking and cooperation, Social and ethical responsibility, Accessibility) and 4. Psychological dimension(Anxiety, Joy, Attitude, Learnability, Efficiency); the desired model was offered afterward.
Conclusion: Hence, the utilization of developed model for mobile learning at Tehran University in present research can be numerated as an appropriate guide in order to expand educational level of Tehran University and other higher education to increase mobile learning status.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Al-Khateeb, M. (2018). The effect of teaching mathematical problem solving through using mobile learning on the seventh grade students' ability to solve them in Jordan. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 12(3) https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v12i3.8713
Al-Omari, M., Carter, J., & Chiclana, F. (2016). A hybrid approach for supporting adaptivity in mobile learning environments, The International Journal of Information and Learning Technology, 33(5), 333-348 https://doi.org/10.1108/IJILT-04-2016-0014
Arenas, E. (2008). Personal learning environments: Implications and challenges. In D. Orr, P. A.
Attuquayefio, S.N., & Asabere, N.Y. (2024). Mobile Learning Adoption: Using Composite Model Measurement Invariance to Assess Gender Difference. Journal of Information Technology Management, 16(2), 35-61 https://doi.org/10.22059/jitm.2023.348459.3183
Azizi A., & Yasami, B. (2022). The mobile learning approach in Academic Training. The  7th National Conference of Innovation and Research in Management, Psychology and Education and Training, Tehran, 1-11 https://civilica.com/doc/1657794 (In Persian).
Bouhnik, D., & Marcus, T. (2006). Interaction in distance-learning courses. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 57(3):299-305 https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.20277
Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77-10 http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa .
Clark. C. R .and Mayer R. E. (2004). Mobile Learning and the Science of Instruction; San Francisco: Jossey- Bass Pfeiffer.
Eliza, F., et al. (2024). Effective virtual laboratory to build constructivist thinking in electrical measurement practicum. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 34(2), 814–824. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v34.i2.pp814-824
Farrokhinezad, P. (2023). Investigation the role of mobile learnig in educationa and training, higher education and formal institution. The 7th National Conference in the domains of counseling, educational sciences and psychology of Iran, 1-10 http://openaccess.ir/c/esconf7/paper_26886 (In Persian).
Garzón, J., & Lampropoulos, G. (2023). Mobile learning for science education: meta-analysis of K-12 research. Interactive Learning Environments. 13 Nov 2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2023.2280973
Ghazi Hameed, Al-R.A., & Bin Sumari, P. (2024). Adoption and continued usage of mobile learning of virtual platforms in Iraqi higher education an unstable environment. International Journal of Information Management Data Insights, 4, 100242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2024.100242
Gill, S.K., Dhir, A., Singh, G., & Vrontis, D. (2022). Transformative Quality in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs): Conceptualisation, scale development and validation. Journal of Business Research, 138, pp: 275-286 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.09.029 .
Goundar, M.S., & Kumar, B.A. (2022). The use of mobile learning applications in higher education institutes. Educ. Inf. Technol, 27, 1213-1236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10611-2
Guevara-Robles, D., Villacís-Tagle, J., & Martínez-Pérez, O. (2025). Mobile Learning como estrategia en la educación secundaria. 593 Digital Publisher CEIT, 10(1), 428–442. https://doi.org/10.33386/593dp.2025.1.2899
Hu, Y., & Hwang, G.J. (2024). Promoting students’ higher order thinking in virtual museum contexts: A self-adapted mobile concept mapping-based problem posing approach. Educ. Inf. Technol, 29, 2741–2765. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11930-2
Kammer, J. (2025). Distance Education; Hybrid Learning; Fully Online LIS Programs; and Mobile Learning. Encyclopedia of Libraries, Librarianship, and Information Science, 3, 531-537. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95689-5.00088-2
Keramati, M. R. , Ansarizadeh, F. and keramati, A. (2024). Perception of Postgraduate Students in the Field of Educational Leadership of Teamwork in the Hybrid Environment of Adobe Connect and WhatsApp: Qualitative Follow up a Pre-experimental Study. Applied Educational Leadership, 5(1), doi: 10.22098/ael.2023.13255.1304
Khan, B. (2012). Relationship between assessment and students’ learning. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education, 2(1), 576-588 https://ecommons.aku.edu/pakistan_ied_pdcn/1
Kiuru, K., Popova, E., Makoveckaya, Yu., & Apushkina, K. (2024). Mobile Learning as a Trend in the Communication Environment of Additional Professional Education. Naučnye Issledovaniâ i Razrabotki. Sovremennaâ Kommunikativistika, 13(1), 59-63. https://doi.org/10.12737/2587-9103-2024-13-1-59-63
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (2000). Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging confluences. In N. K. Denzin, & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 1065-1122), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Mohtaram, M. , Pakbaz, Z. , Torkzadeh, J. , Salimi, G. and Mohammadi, M. (2025). Designing a model of inter-organizational interactions of universities In order to development of technological innovation. Applied Educational Leadership, 6(2), 22-44. doi: 10.22098/ael.2025.17165.1561
Naidu, S. (2003). Mobile learning: A guidebook of principles, procedures and practices. Commonwealth Educational Media Centre for Asia (CEMCA), New Delhi.
Nechyporenko, V., Nikolenko, L., Nichuhovska, L., Omelchenko, M. & Bondarenko, Z. (2024). Mobile technologies as a tool to support inclusive learning in higher education institutions. Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences (PEN), 12(4), 651–660. https://doi.org/10.21533/pen.v12.i4.69
Nikolopoulou, K. (2023). Self-Regulated and Mobile-Mediated Learning in Blended Tertiary Education Environments: Student Insights from a Pilot Study. Sustainability, 15, 12284. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612284
Pourjamshidi, M., & Mozaffari, O. (2024). Investigation the place of mobile learning in smart training process: A systematic review. The 4th national onference of education technology; “Smart training; Chances, Challenges and Achievements”. Hamedan, 1-24 https://civilica.com/doc/2033606 (In persian).
Rangel-de Lazaro, G., & Duart, J. M. (2023). Moving Learning: A Systematic Review of Mobile Learning Applications for Online Higher Education. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research, 12(2), 198-224 https://doi.org/10.7821/naer.2023.7.1287
Sadri Damirchi, E., Sheykholeslami, A., Rezaiisharif, A. & Nasiri Garmeh Cheshmeh, M. (2025). Identifying culture books in schools with qualitative quality. Applied Educational Leadership, July 28, (publishing) doi: 10.22098/ael.2025.17515.1581
Salahshouri, A., & Mansouri, F. (2022). Investigation the effectiveness of critical thinking mobile learning on academic self-efficacy and social puberty on university students of Khuzestan Farhangian University during 2020-2021. The second Naional Conference of foresight in psychology and educational training, Shiraz, 1-12 https://civilica.com/doc/1484796 (In Persian).
Serafín, Č., Havelka, M., Dostál, J., Marešová, H., & Kropáč, J. (2014). Evaluation of Technology Including Effects of Using Technology When Teaching, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 112, 472 – 480 (ICEEPSY 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1191
Seraji, F. (2009). A new perspective toward mobile learning environments. The Journal of Curriculum Planning Studies, 3(100), 12-121 http://noo.rs/JMRXe (In Persian).
Shahriyari, K., Naseri, Sh., Shariati, Z., Esrat, R., & Jangi, N. (2024). Investigation the actors and profiets of mobile learning utilization on students. The first International Conference of Superior Teachers, Masjed Soleiman, 1-7 https://civilica.com/doc/2165649 (In Persian).
Sisouvong, V., & Pasanchay, K. (2024). Mobile Learning: Enhancing Self-Directed Education through Technology, Wireless Networks, and the Internet Anytime, Anywhere. 1(2), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.60027/jelr.2024.752
Šramová, B. (2024). University students’ experience with mobile learning during COVID-19 pandemic. Interactive Learning Environment, 32(9), 5537-5551. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2023.2220362
Sugianto, S., Setiawan, A., Hamidah, I., & Ana, A. (2020). Integration of mobile learning and project-based learning in improving vocational school competence. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 12(2), 55-68 https://scholar.google.com.my/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=1eDFv6wAAAAJ&citation_for_view=1eDFv6wAAAAJ:08ZZubdj9fEC
Teo Siew Chin, S., & Williams, J.B. (2006). “A Theoretical Framework for Effective Online Course Design”, Merlot Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 2(1), 2006, p. 12-21 https://jolt.merlot.org/05007.htm
Toh, T. J., & Tasir, Z. (2024). The impact of a mobile learning application on students’ cognitive load and learning performance in biology. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 23, Article 26. https://doi.org/10.28945/5380
Tong, L., Niu, Y., Xuan, Z., Jin, Sh., Wang, Y. & Xiao, Q. (2025). Nursing students' experiences of digital learning in Chinese higher education institutions: A descriptive qualitative study. Nurse Education Today, 144, 106454, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2024.106454
Yousef, M., Omer, A., Alamoudi, R.A., Alharbi, M., Aljehani, B. et al. (2025). From awareness to integration: Mobile applications as tools in radiology education. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 18, 101353, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2025.101353 
Applied Educational Leadership
Volume 6, Issue 4
December 2026

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 08 September 2025
  • Revise Date: 29 December 2025
  • Accept Date: 18 October 2025

Share

How to cite

Statistics