Design and Validation of Critical Thinking Development Model in Primary School Students

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 PhD Candidate in Educational Administration, Department of Educational Sciences, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran

Abstract

Background and Objective: This study aimed to design and validate a development model for critical thinking among elementary school students in Ardabil, Iran.
research methodology: Utilizing an applied, mixed-methods, exploratory research design, the study employed Strauss and Corbin’s (1990) systematic grounded theory for the qualitative phase and a descriptive-correlational design for the quantitative phase. The qualitative sample consisted of 14 educational science experts selected through purposeful sampling until theoretical saturation. The quantitative population comprised 2,600 elementary teachers, from which 335 participants were selected via non-random availability sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-developed questionnaire derived from qualitative findings. Through systematic open, axial, and selective coding, data were synthesized into 120 open codes, 86 concepts, 17 categories, and 6 core classes.
Findings: The findings indicate that the developed model for fostering critical thinking is valid (p<0.05). Key dimensions of the model include creative thinking, spiritual and emotional intelligence, problem-based learning, development of reasoning skills, innovative and interactive teaching methods, continuous feedback, digital literacy, and the promotion of self-confidence and intellectual diversity among students.
Conclusion: The validated model provides a comprehensive framework and practical guide for educators and policymakers to enhance critical thinking skills within the elementary education system of Ardabil.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

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Applied Educational Leadership
Volume 7, Issue 2
July 2026
Pages 172-198

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History

  • Receive Date: 20 July 2025
  • Revise Date: 03 October 2025
  • Accept Date: 07 October 2025

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